/*
 *  Copyright (C) 2003, Northwestern University and Argonne National Laboratory
 *  See COPYRIGHT notice in top-level directory.
 */
/* $Id$ */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/types.h>  /* open(), fstat() */
#include <sys/stat.h>   /* open(), fstat() */
#include <fcntl.h>      /* open() */
#include <unistd.h>     /* read(), getopt(), fstat() */
#include <string.h>     /* strcpy(), strncpy() */
#include <inttypes.h>   /* check for Endianness, uint32_t*/
#include <assert.h>
#include <errno.h>      /* errno */

#define X_ALIGN         4
#define X_INT_MAX       2147483647
#define X_UINT_MAX      4294967295U
#define X_INT64_MAX     9223372036854775807LL

#ifndef EXIT_FAILURE
#ifndef vms
#define EXIT_SUCCESS 0
#define EXIT_FAILURE 1
#else
/* In OpenVMS, success is indicated by odd values and failure by even values. */
#define EXIT_SUCCESS 1
#define EXIT_FAILURE 0
#endif
#endif

static int verbose, trace;
static int repair;
static const char nada[4] = {0, 0, 0, 0};
/*
 * static const char *fmt_limit = "https://www.unidata.ucar.edu/software/netcdf/docs/file_structure_and_performance.html#classic_format_limitations";
 * static const char *off_limit = "http://www.unidata.ucar.edu/software/netcdf/docs/file_structure_and_performance.html#offset_format_limitations";
 */
static const char *fmt_limit = "https://docs.unidata.ucar.edu/nug/current/file_structure_and_performance.html#classic_format_limitations";
static const char *off_limit = "https://docs.unidata.ucar.edu/nug/current/file_structure_and_performance.html#offset_format_limitations";

#ifndef MAX
#define MAX(mm,nn) (((mm) > (nn)) ? (mm) : (nn))
#endif
#ifndef MIN
#define MIN(mm,nn) (((mm) < (nn)) ? (mm) : (nn))
#endif

/* useful for aligning memory */
#define PNETCDF_RNDUP(x, unit) ((((x) + (unit) - 1) / (unit)) * (unit))

#define ERR_ADDR (((size_t)gbp->pos - (size_t)gbp->base) + (size_t)(gbp->offset - gbp->size))

#define IS_RECVAR(vp) ((vp)->shape != NULL ? (*(vp)->shape == NC_UNLIMITED) : 0 )

#ifdef PNETCDF_DEBUG
#define DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(err) {                               \
    if (verbose) printf("\t(Error %s at line %d in file %s)\n", \
                 #err,__LINE__,__FILE__);                       \
    return err;                                                 \
}
#define DEBUG_ASSIGN_ERROR(status, err) {                       \
    if (verbose) printf("\t(Error %s at line %d in file %s)\n", \
                 #err,__LINE__,__FILE__);                       \
    status = err;                                               \
}
#else
#define DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(err) return err;
#define DEBUG_ASSIGN_ERROR(status, err) { status = err; }
#endif

#define NC_UNLIMITED    0L
#define NC_ARRAY_GROWBY 64

#define NC_MAX_INT      2147483647
#define NC_MAX_DIMS     NC_MAX_INT
#define NC_MAX_ATTRS    NC_MAX_INT
#define NC_MAX_VARS     NC_MAX_INT
#define NC_MAX_VAR_DIMS NC_MAX_INT  /* max per-variable dimensions */

#define NC_NAT          0       /**< Not A Type */
#define NC_BYTE         1       /**< signed 1 byte integer */
#define NC_CHAR         2       /**< ISO/ASCII character */
#define NC_SHORT        3       /**< signed 2 byte integer */
#define NC_INT          4       /**< signed 4 byte integer */
#define NC_LONG         NC_INT
#define NC_FLOAT        5       /**< single precision floating point number */
#define NC_DOUBLE       6       /**< double precision floating point number */
#define NC_UBYTE        7       /**< unsigned 1 byte int */
#define NC_USHORT       8       /**< unsigned 2-byte int */
#define NC_UINT         9       /**< unsigned 4-byte int */
#define NC_INT64        10      /**< signed 8-byte int */
#define NC_UINT64       11      /**< unsigned 8-byte int */

typedef int nc_type;

#define MIN_NC_XSZ 32
#define NC_DEFAULT_CHUNKSIZE 1048576

#define NC_FORMAT_UNKNOWN         -1
#define NC_FORMAT_CLASSIC         1
#define NC_FORMAT_CDF2            2
#define NC_FORMAT_CDF5            5
#define NC_FORMAT_NETCDF4         3
#define NC_FORMAT_NETCDF4_CLASSIC 4

typedef enum {
    NC_INVALID     = -1,  /* invalid */
    NC_UNSPECIFIED =  0,  /* ABSENT */
    NC_DIMENSION   = 10,  /* \x00 \x00 \x00 \x0A */
    NC_VARIABLE    = 11,  /* \x00 \x00 \x00 \x0B */
    NC_ATTRIBUTE   = 12   /* \x00 \x00 \x00 \x0C */
} NC_tag;

typedef struct {
    char      *name;
    size_t     name_len;
    long long  size;
} NC_dim;

typedef struct NC_dimarray {
    int      ndefined;     /* number of defined dimensions */
    int      unlimited_id; /* ID of unlimited dimension */
    NC_dim **value;
} NC_dimarray;

typedef struct {
    long long  xsz;      /* amount of space at xvalue (4-byte aligned) */
    char      *name;     /* name of the attributes */
    size_t     name_len;
    nc_type    xtype;    /* the discriminant */
    long long  nelems;   /* number of attribute elements */
    void      *xvalue;   /* the actual data, in external representation */
} NC_attr;

typedef struct NC_attrarray {
    int       ndefined;  /* number of defined attributes */
    NC_attr **value;
} NC_attrarray;

typedef struct {
    int           xsz;    /* byte size of 1 array element */
    long long    *shape;  /* dim->size of each dim */
    long long    *dsizes; /* the right to left product of shape */
    char         *name;   /* name of the variable */
    size_t        name_len;
    int           ndims;  /* number of dimensions */
    int          *dimids; /* array of dimension IDs */
    NC_attrarray  attrs;  /* attribute array */
    nc_type       xtype;  /* variable's data type */
    long long     len;    /* this is the "vsize" defined in header format, the
                             total size in bytes of the array variable.
                             For record variable, this is the record size */
    long long     begin;  /* starting file offset of this variable */
} NC_var;

typedef struct NC_vararray {
    int      ndefined;    /* number of defined variables */
    int      num_rec_vars;/* number of defined record variables */
    NC_var **value;
} NC_vararray;

typedef struct NC {
    int           format;
    char         *path;
    long long     xsz;      /* external size of this header, <= var[0].begin */
    long long     begin_var;/* file offset of the first (non-record) var */
    long long     begin_rec;/* file offset of the first 'record' */

    long long     recsize;  /* length of 'record': sum of single record sizes
                               of all the record variables */
    long long     numrecs;  /* number of 'records' allocated */
    NC_dimarray   dims;     /* dimensions defined */
    NC_attrarray  attrs;    /* global attributes defined */
    NC_vararray   vars;     /* variables defined */
} NC;

typedef struct bufferinfo {
    int        is_little_endian;
    int        fd;
    off_t      offset;   /* current read/write offset in the file */
    int        version;  /* 1, 2, and 5 for CDF-1, 2, and 5 respectively */
    void      *base;     /* beginning of read/write buffer */
    void      *pos;      /* current position in buffer */
    size_t     size;     /* size of the buffer */
} bufferinfo;

#define NC_NOERR        0       /**< No Error */
#define NC_EMAXDIMS     (-41)   /**< NC_MAX_DIMS or NC_MAX_VAR_DIMS exceeds */
#define NC_EMAXATTS     (-44)   /**< NC_MAX_ATTRS exceeded */
#define NC_EBADTYPE     (-45)   /**< Not a netcdf data type */
#define NC_EBADDIM      (-46)   /**< Invalid dimension id or name */
#define NC_EUNLIMPOS    (-47)   /**< NC_UNLIMITED in the wrong index */
#define NC_EMAXVARS     (-48)
#define NC_ENOTNC       (-51)   /**< Not a netcdf file (file format violates CDF specification) */
#define NC_EUNLIMIT     (-54)   /**< NC_UNLIMITED size already in use */
#define NC_ENOMEM       (-61)   /**< Memory allocation (malloc) failure */
#define NC_EVARSIZE     (-62)   /**< One or more variable sizes violate format constraints */
#define NC_EFILE        (-204)  /**< Unknown error in file operation */
#define NC_ENOTSUPPORT  (-214)  /**< Feature is not yet supported */
#define NC_ENULLPAD     (-134)  /**< Header Bytes not Null-Byte padded */

/*
 * "magic number" at beginning of file: 0x43444601 (big Endian)
 */
static const char ncmagic[] = {'C', 'D', 'F', 0x01};

#define ABSENT 0

#define SWAP4B(a) ( ((a) << 24) | \
                   (((a) <<  8) & 0x00ff0000) | \
                   (((a) >>  8) & 0x0000ff00) | \
                   (((a) >> 24) & 0x000000ff) )

#define SWAP8B(a) ( (((a) & 0x00000000000000FFULL) << 56) | \
                    (((a) & 0x000000000000FF00ULL) << 40) | \
                    (((a) & 0x0000000000FF0000ULL) << 24) | \
                    (((a) & 0x00000000FF000000ULL) <<  8) | \
                    (((a) & 0x000000FF00000000ULL) >>  8) | \
                    (((a) & 0x0000FF0000000000ULL) >> 24) | \
                    (((a) & 0x00FF000000000000ULL) >> 40) | \
                    (((a) & 0xFF00000000000000ULL) >> 56) )

static int check_little_endian(void)
{
    /* return 0 for big endian, 1 for little endian */
    volatile uint32_t i=0x01234567;
    return (*((uint8_t*)(&i))) == 0x67;
}

static void
swap4b(void *val)
{
    uint32_t *op = (uint32_t*)val;
    *op = SWAP4B(*op);
}

static void
swap8b(unsigned long long *val)
{
    uint64_t *op = (uint64_t*)val;
    *op = SWAP8B(*op);
}

static unsigned long long
get_uint64(bufferinfo *gbp)
{
    /* retrieve a 64bit unsigned integer and return it as unsigned long long */
    unsigned long long tmp;
    memcpy(&tmp, gbp->pos, 8);
    if (gbp->is_little_endian) swap8b(&tmp);
    gbp->pos = (char*)gbp->pos + 8;  /* advance gbp->pos 8 bytes */
    return tmp;
}

static unsigned int
get_uint32(bufferinfo *gbp)
{
    /* retrieve a 32bit unsigned integer and return it as unsigned int */
    unsigned int tmp;
    memcpy(&tmp, gbp->pos, 4);
    if (gbp->is_little_endian) swap4b(&tmp);
    gbp->pos = (char*)gbp->pos + 4;  /* advance gbp->pos 4 bytes */
    return tmp;
}

static void
free_NC_dim(NC_dim *dimp)
{
    if (dimp == NULL) return;
    free(dimp->name);
    free(dimp);
}

static void
free_NC_dimarray(NC_dimarray *ncap)
{
    int i;

    assert(ncap != NULL);
    if (ncap->value == NULL) return;

    for (i=0; i<ncap->ndefined; i++)
        if (ncap->value[i] != NULL)
            free_NC_dim(ncap->value[i]);

    free(ncap->value);
    ncap->value    = NULL;
    ncap->ndefined = 0;
}

static void
free_NC_attr(NC_attr *attrp)
{
    if (attrp == NULL) return;
    free(attrp->name);
    if (attrp->xvalue != NULL) free(attrp->xvalue);
    free(attrp);
}

static void
free_NC_attrarray(NC_attrarray *ncap)
{
    int i;

    assert(ncap != NULL);
    if (ncap->value == NULL) return;

    for (i=0; i<ncap->ndefined; i++)
        free_NC_attr(ncap->value[i]);

    free(ncap->value);
    ncap->value    = NULL;
    ncap->ndefined = 0;
}

static void
free_NC_var(NC_var *varp)
{
    if (varp == NULL) return;
    free_NC_attrarray(&varp->attrs);
    free(varp->name);
    free(varp->shape);
    free(varp->dsizes);
    free(varp->dimids);
    free(varp);
}

static void
free_NC_vararray(NC_vararray *ncap)
{
    int i;

    assert(ncap != NULL);
    if (ncap->value == NULL) return;

    for (i=0; i<ncap->ndefined; i++) {
        if (ncap->value[i] != NULL)
            free_NC_var(ncap->value[i]);
    }

    free(ncap->value);
    ncap->value    = NULL;
    ncap->ndefined = 0;
}

/*
 * To compute how much space will the xdr'd header take
 */

/*----< hdr_len_NC_name() >--------------------------------------------------*/
static long long
hdr_len_NC_name(size_t nchars,
                int    sizeof_t)     /* NON_NEG */
{
    /* netCDF file format:
     * name       = nelems  namestring
     * nelems     = NON_NEG
     * namestring = ID1 [IDN ...] padding
     * ID1        = alphanumeric | '_'
     * IDN        = alphanumeric | special1 | special2
     * padding    = <0, 1, 2, or 3 bytes to next 4-byte boundary>
     * NON_NEG    = <non-negative INT> |  // CDF-1 and CDF-2
     *              <non-negative INT64>  // CDF-5
     */
    long long sz = sizeof_t; /* nelems */

    if (nchars != 0)  /* namestring */
        sz += PNETCDF_RNDUP(nchars, X_ALIGN);

    return sz;
}

/*----< hdr_len_NC_dim() >---------------------------------------------------*/
static long long
hdr_len_NC_dim(const NC_dim *dimp,
               int           sizeof_t)     /* NON_NEG */
{
    /* netCDF file format:
     *  ...
     * dim        = name  dim_length
     * dim_length = NON_NEG
     * NON_NEG    = <non-negative INT> |  // CDF-1 and CDF-2
     *              <non-negative INT64>  // CDF-5
     */
    long long sz;

    assert(dimp != NULL);

    sz = hdr_len_NC_name(dimp->name_len, sizeof_t); /* name */
    sz += sizeof_t;                                 /* dim_length */

    return sz;
}

/*----< hdr_len_NC_dimarray() >----------------------------------------------*/
static long long
hdr_len_NC_dimarray(const NC_dimarray *ncap,
                    int                sizeof_t)     /* NON_NEG */
{
    /* netCDF file format:
     *  ...
     * dim_list     = ABSENT | NC_DIMENSION  nelems  [dim ...]
     * ABSENT       = ZERO  ZERO |  // list is not present for CDF-1 and 2
     *                ZERO  ZERO64  // for CDF-5
     * ZERO         = \x00 \x00 \x00 \x00                      // 32-bit zero
     * ZERO64       = \x00 \x00 \x00 \x00 \x00 \x00 \x00 \x00  // 64-bit zero
     * NC_DIMENSION = \x00 \x00 \x00 \x0A         // tag for list of dimensions
     * nelems       = NON_NEG       // number of elements in following sequence
     * NON_NEG      = <non-negative INT> |        // CDF-1 and CDF-2
     *                <non-negative INT64>        // CDF-5
     */
    int i;
    long long xlen;

    xlen = 4;           /* NC_DIMENSION */
    xlen += sizeof_t;   /* nelems */

    if (ncap == NULL) /* ABSENT: no dimension is defined */
        return xlen;

    /* [dim ...] */
    for (i=0; i<ncap->ndefined; i++)
        xlen += hdr_len_NC_dim(ncap->value[i], sizeof_t);

    return xlen;
}

/*----< hdr_len_NC_attr() >--------------------------------------------------*/
static long long
hdr_len_NC_attr(const NC_attr *attrp,
                int            sizeof_t)     /* NON_NEG */
{
    /* netCDF file format:
     *  ...
     * attr    = name  nc_type  nelems  [values ...]
     * nc_type = NC_BYTE | NC_CHAR | NC_SHORT | ...
     * nelems  = NON_NEG       // number of elements in following sequence
     * values  = bytes | chars | shorts | ints | floats | doubles
     * bytes   = [BYTE ...]  padding
     * chars   = [CHAR ...]  padding
     * shorts  = [SHORT ...]  padding
     * ints    = [INT ...]
     * floats  = [FLOAT ...]
     * doubles = [DOUBLE ...]
     * padding = <0, 1, 2, or 3 bytes to next 4-byte boundary>
     * NON_NEG = <non-negative INT> |  // CDF-1 and CDF-2
     *           <non-negative INT64>  // CDF-5
     */
    long long sz;

    assert(attrp != NULL);

    sz  = hdr_len_NC_name(attrp->name_len, sizeof_t); /* name */
    sz += 4;                                          /* nc_type */
    sz += sizeof_t;                                   /* nelems */
    sz += attrp->xsz;                                 /* [values ...] */

    return sz;
}

/*----< hdr_len_NC_attrarray() >---------------------------------------------*/
static long long
hdr_len_NC_attrarray(const NC_attrarray *ncap,
                     int                 sizeof_t)     /* NON_NEG */
{
    /* netCDF file format:
     *  ...
     * att_list     = ABSENT | NC_ATTRIBUTE  nelems  [attr ...]
     * ABSENT       = ZERO  ZERO |  // list is not present for CDF-1 and 2
     *                ZERO  ZERO64  // for CDF-5
     * ZERO         = \x00 \x00 \x00 \x00                      // 32-bit zero
     * ZERO64       = \x00 \x00 \x00 \x00 \x00 \x00 \x00 \x00  // 64-bit zero
     * NC_ATTRIBUTE = \x00 \x00 \x00 \x0C         // tag for list of attributes
     * nelems       = NON_NEG       // number of elements in following sequence
     * NON_NEG      = <non-negative INT> |        // CDF-1 and CDF-2
     *                <non-negative INT64>        // CDF-5
     */
    int i;
    long long xlen;

    xlen = 4;          /* NC_ATTRIBUTE */
    xlen += sizeof_t;  /* nelems */

    if (ncap == NULL) /* ABSENT: no attribute is defined */
        return xlen;

    for (i=0; i<ncap->ndefined; i++) /* [attr ...] */
        xlen += hdr_len_NC_attr(ncap->value[i], sizeof_t);

    return xlen;
}

/*----< hdr_len_NC_var() >---------------------------------------------------*/
static long long
hdr_len_NC_var(const NC_var *varp,
               int           sizeof_off_t, /* OFFSET */
               int           sizeof_t)     /* NON_NEG */
{
    /* netCDF file format:
     * netcdf_file = header data
     * header      = magic numrecs dim_list gatt_list var_list
     *  ...
     * var         = name nelems [dimid ...] vatt_list nc_type vsize begin
     * nelems      = NON_NEG
     * dimid       = NON_NEG
     * vatt_list   = att_list
     * nc_type     = NC_BYTE | NC_CHAR | NC_SHORT | ...
     * vsize       = NON_NEG
     * begin       = OFFSET        // Variable start location.
     * OFFSET      = <non-negative INT> |  // CDF-1
     *               <non-negative INT64>  // CDF-2 and CDF-5
     * NON_NEG     = <non-negative INT> |  // CDF-1 and CDF-2
     *               <non-negative INT64>  // CDF-5
     */
    long long sz;

    assert(varp != NULL);

    /* for CDF-1, sizeof_off_t == 4 && sizeof_t == 4
     * for CDF-2, sizeof_off_t == 8 && sizeof_t == 4
     * for CDF-5, sizeof_off_t == 8 && sizeof_t == 8
     */
    sz = hdr_len_NC_name(varp->name_len, sizeof_t);     /* name */
    sz += sizeof_t;                                     /* nelems */
    sz += (long long)sizeof_t * varp->ndims;            /* [dimid ...] */
    sz += hdr_len_NC_attrarray(&varp->attrs, sizeof_t); /* vatt_list */
    sz += 4;                                            /* nc_type */
    sz += sizeof_t;                                     /* vsize */
    sz += sizeof_off_t;                                 /* begin */

    return sz;
}

/*----< hdr_len_NC_vararray() >----------------------------------------------*/
static long long
hdr_len_NC_vararray(const NC_vararray *ncap,
                    int                sizeof_t,     /* NON_NEG */
                    int                sizeof_off_t) /* OFFSET */
{
    /* netCDF file format:
     * netcdf_file = header  data
     * header      = magic  numrecs  dim_list  gatt_list  var_list
     *  ...
     * var_list    = ABSENT | NC_VARIABLE   nelems  [var ...]
     * ABSENT      = ZERO  ZERO |  // list is not present for CDF-1 and 2
     *               ZERO  ZERO64  // for CDF-5
     * ZERO        = \x00 \x00 \x00 \x00                      // 32-bit zero
     * ZERO64      = \x00 \x00 \x00 \x00 \x00 \x00 \x00 \x00  // 64-bit zero
     * NC_VARIABLE = \x00 \x00 \x00 \x0B         // tag for list of variables
     * nelems      = NON_NEG       // number of elements in following sequence
     * NON_NEG     = <non-negative INT> |        // CDF-1 and CDF-2
     *               <non-negative INT64>        // CDF-5
     */
    int i;
    long long xlen;

    xlen = 4;           /* NC_VARIABLE */
    xlen += sizeof_t;   /* nelems */

    if (ncap == NULL) /* ABSENT: no variable is defined */
        return xlen;

    /* for CDF-1, sizeof_off_t == 4 && sizeof_t == 4
     * for CDF-2, sizeof_off_t == 8 && sizeof_t == 4
     * for CDF-5, sizeof_off_t == 8 && sizeof_t == 8
     */
    for (i=0; i<ncap->ndefined; i++)  /* [var ...] */
        xlen += hdr_len_NC_var(ncap->value[i], sizeof_off_t, sizeof_t);

    return xlen;
}

/*----< hdr_len_NC() >-------------------------------------------------------*/
static long long
hdr_len_NC(const NC *ncp)
{
    /* netCDF file format:
     * netcdf_file = header  data
     * header      = magic  numrecs  dim_list  gatt_list  var_list
     *  ...
     * numrecs     = NON_NEG | STREAMING   // length of record dimension
     * NON_NEG     = <non-negative INT> |  // CDF-1 and CDF-2
     *               <non-negative INT64>  // CDF-5
     */

    int sizeof_t, sizeof_off_t;
    long long xlen;

    assert(ncp != NULL);

    if (ncp->format == 5) {        /* CDF-5 */
        sizeof_t     = 8; /* 8-byte integer for all integers */
        sizeof_off_t = 8; /* 8-byte integer for var begin */
    }
    else if (ncp->format == 2) { /* CDF-2 */
        sizeof_t     = 4; /* 4-byte integer in CDF-1 */
        sizeof_off_t = 8; /* 8-byte integer for var begin */
    }
    else { /* CDF-1 */
        sizeof_t     = 4; /* 4-byte integer in CDF-1 */
        sizeof_off_t = 4; /* 4-byte integer in CDF-1 */
    }

    xlen  = sizeof(ncmagic);                                           /* magic */
    xlen += sizeof_t;                                                  /* numrecs */
    xlen += hdr_len_NC_dimarray(&ncp->dims,   sizeof_t);               /* dim_list */
    xlen += hdr_len_NC_attrarray(&ncp->attrs, sizeof_t);               /* gatt_list */
    xlen += hdr_len_NC_vararray(&ncp->vars,   sizeof_t, sizeof_off_t); /* var_list */

    return xlen; /* return the header size (not yet aligned) */
}

/*----< ncmpio_xlen_nc_type() >----------------------------------------------*/
/* return the length of external NC data type */
static int
xlen_nc_type(nc_type xtype) {
    switch(xtype) {
        case NC_BYTE:
        case NC_CHAR:
        case NC_UBYTE:  return 1;
        case NC_SHORT:
        case NC_USHORT: return 2;
        case NC_INT:
        case NC_UINT:
        case NC_FLOAT:  return 4;
        case NC_DOUBLE:
        case NC_INT64:
        case NC_UINT64: return 8;
        default: DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(NC_EBADTYPE)
    }
}

static NC_dim *
elem_NC_dimarray(const NC_dimarray *ncap,
                 int                dimid)
{
    /* returns the dimension ID defined earlier */
    assert(ncap != NULL);

    if (dimid < 0 || ncap->ndefined == 0 || dimid >= ncap->ndefined)
        return NULL;

    assert(ncap->value != NULL);

    return ncap->value[dimid];
}

static int
var_shape64(NC_var            *varp,
            const NC_dimarray *dims,
            const char        *loc)
{
    int i;
    long long product = 1;

    /* set the size of 1 element */
    varp->xsz = xlen_nc_type(varp->xtype);

    if (varp->ndims == 0) goto out;

    /*
     * use the user supplied dimension indices to determine the shape
     */
    for (i=0; i<varp->ndims; i++) {
        const NC_dim *dimp;

        if (varp->dimids[i] < 0) {
            if (verbose) printf("Error:\n");
            if (verbose) printf("\t%s: dimension ID [%d] invalid (%d)\n",loc,i,varp->dimids[i]);
            DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(NC_EBADDIM);
        }

        if (varp->dimids[i] >= ((dims != NULL) ? dims->ndefined : 1)) {
            if (verbose) printf("Error:\n");
            if (verbose) printf("\t%s: dimension ID [%d] (%d) larger than defined (%d)\n",loc,i,varp->dimids[i], ((dims != NULL) ? dims->ndefined : 1));
            DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(NC_EBADDIM);
        }

        /* get the pointer to the dim object */
        dimp = elem_NC_dimarray(dims, varp->dimids[i]);
        varp->shape[i] = dimp->size;

        /* check for record variable, only the highest dimension can
         * be unlimited */
        if (varp->shape[i] == NC_UNLIMITED && i != 0) {
            if (verbose) printf("Error:\n");
            if (verbose) printf("\t%s: dimension ID [%d] is NC_UNLIMITED in the wrong index\n",loc,i);
            DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(NC_EUNLIMPOS);
        }
    }

    /*
     * compute the dsizes, the right to left product of shape
     */
    product = 1;
    if (varp->ndims == 1) {
        if (varp->shape[0] == NC_UNLIMITED)
            varp->dsizes[0] = 1;
        else {
            varp->dsizes[0] = varp->shape[0];
            product = varp->shape[0];
        }
    }
    else { /* varp->ndims > 1 */
        varp->dsizes[varp->ndims-1] = varp->shape[varp->ndims-1];
        product = varp->shape[varp->ndims-1];
        for (i=varp->ndims-2; i>=0; i--) {
            if (varp->shape[i] != NC_UNLIMITED)
                product *= varp->shape[i];
            varp->dsizes[i] = product;
        }
    }

out :
    /*
     * For CDF-1 and CDF-2 formats, the total number of array elements
     * cannot exceed 2^32, unless this variable is the last fixed-size
     * variable, there is no record variable, and the file starting
     * offset of this variable is less than 2GiB.
     * We will check this in ncmpi_enddef() which calls ncmpii_NC_enddef()
     * which calls ncmpii_NC_check_vlens()
    if (ncp->format != 5 && product >= X_UINT_MAX)
        DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(NC_EVARSIZE);
     */

    /*
     * align variable size to 4 byte boundary, required by all netcdf file
     * formats
     */
    varp->len = product * varp->xsz;
    if (varp->len % 4 > 0)
        varp->len += 4 - varp->len % 4; /* round up */

    return NC_NOERR;
}

/* calculate the followings
 *   ncp->begin_var           first variable's offset, file header extent
 *   ncp->begin_rec           first record variable's offset
 *   ncp->recsize             sum of all single record size of all variables
 *   ncp->vars.value[*]->len  individual variable size (record size)
 */
static int
compute_var_shape(NC *ncp)
{
    int i, j, err;
    char xloc[1024];
    NC_var *first_var = NULL;       /* first "non-record" var */
    NC_var *first_rec = NULL;       /* first "record" var */

    if (ncp->vars.ndefined == 0) return NC_NOERR;

    ncp->begin_var = ncp->xsz;
    ncp->begin_rec = ncp->xsz;
    ncp->recsize   = 0;

    for (i=0; i<ncp->vars.ndefined; i++) {
        sprintf(xloc,"var %s:",ncp->vars.value[i]->name);
        /* check if dimids are valid */
        for (j=0; j<ncp->vars.value[i]->ndims; j++) {
            if (ncp->vars.value[i]->dimids[j] < 0) {
                if (verbose) printf("Error:\n");
                if (verbose) printf("\t%s: dimension ID [%d] invalid (%d)\n",xloc,i,ncp->vars.value[i]->dimids[i]);
                DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(NC_EBADDIM) /* dimid is not defined */
            }
            else if (ncp->vars.value[i]->dimids[j] >= ncp->dims.ndefined) {
                if (verbose) printf("Error:\n");
                if (verbose) printf("\t%s: dimension ID [%d] (%d) larger than defined (%d)\n",xloc,i,ncp->vars.value[i]->dimids[i], ncp->dims.ndefined);
                DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(NC_EBADDIM);
            }
        }
        /* ncp->vars.value[i]->len will be recomputed from dimensions in
         * var_shape64() */
        err = var_shape64(ncp->vars.value[i], &ncp->dims, xloc);
        if (err != NC_NOERR) return err;

        if (IS_RECVAR(ncp->vars.value[i])) {
            if (first_rec == NULL) first_rec = ncp->vars.value[i];
            ncp->recsize += ncp->vars.value[i]->len;
        }
        else { /* fixed-size variable */
            if (first_var == NULL) first_var = ncp->vars.value[i];
            ncp->begin_rec = ncp->vars.value[i]->begin
                           + ncp->vars.value[i]->len;
        }
    }

    if (first_rec != NULL) {
        if (ncp->begin_rec > first_rec->begin) {
            if (verbose) printf("Error:\n");
            if (verbose) printf("\tbegin of record section (%lld) greater than the begin of first record (%lld)\n",ncp->begin_rec, first_rec->begin);
            DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(NC_ENOTNC) /* not a netCDF file or corrupted */
        }

        ncp->begin_rec = first_rec->begin;
        /*
         * for special case of exactly one record variable, pack value
         */
        if (ncp->recsize == first_rec->len)
            ncp->recsize = *first_rec->dsizes * first_rec->xsz;
    }

    if (first_var != NULL)
        ncp->begin_var = first_var->begin;
    else
        ncp->begin_var = ncp->begin_rec;

    if (ncp->begin_var <= 0) {
        if (verbose) printf("Error:\n");
        if (verbose) printf("\tbegin of variable section (%lld) is negative\n",ncp->begin_var);
        DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(NC_ENOTNC) /* not a netCDF file or corrupted */
    }
    else if (ncp->xsz > ncp->begin_var) {
        if (verbose) printf("Error:\n");
        if (verbose) printf("\tfile header size (%lld) is larger than the begin of data section (%lld)\n",ncp->xsz, ncp->begin_var);
        DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(NC_ENOTNC) /* not a netCDF file or corrupted */
    }
    else if (ncp->begin_rec <= 0) {
        if (verbose) printf("Error:\n");
        if (verbose) printf("\tbegin of record section (%lld) is zero or negative\n",ncp->begin_rec);
        DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(NC_ENOTNC) /* not a netCDF file or corrupted */
    }
    else if (ncp->begin_var > ncp->begin_rec) {
        if (verbose) printf("Error:\n");
        if (verbose) printf("\tbegin of data section (%lld) is larger than record section (%lld)\n",ncp->begin_var, ncp->begin_rec);
        DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(NC_ENOTNC) /* not a netCDF file or corrupted */
    }

    return NC_NOERR;
}

/*
 * repair file contents
 */
static int
val_repair(int fd, off_t offset, size_t len, void *buf)
{
    ssize_t nn;

    if (-1 == lseek(fd, offset, SEEK_SET)) {
        if (verbose)
            printf("Error at line %d: lseek %s\n",__LINE__,strerror(errno));
        return -1;
    }
    nn = write(fd, buf, len);
    if (nn == -1) {
        if (verbose)
            printf("Error at line %d: write %s\n",__LINE__,strerror(errno));
        return -1;
    }
    if (nn != len) {
        if (verbose)
            printf("Error at line %d: writing %zd bytes but only %zd written\n",
                   __LINE__,len, nn);
        return -1;
    }

    return NC_NOERR;
}

/*
 * Fetch the next header chunk.
 */
static int
val_fetch(int fd, bufferinfo *gbp) {
    ssize_t nn = 0;
    long long slack;        /* any leftover data in the buffer */
    size_t pos_addr, base_addr;

    assert(gbp->base != NULL);

    pos_addr = (size_t) gbp->pos;
    base_addr = (size_t) gbp->base;

    slack = gbp->size - (pos_addr - base_addr);
    /* if gbp->pos and gbp->base are the same, there is no leftover buffer data
     * to worry about.
     * In the other extreme, where gbp->size == (gbp->pos - gbp->base), then all
     * data in the buffer has been consumed */
    if (slack == gbp->size) slack = 0;

    memset(gbp->base, 0, gbp->size);
    gbp->pos = gbp->base;

    if (-1 == lseek(fd, gbp->offset-slack, SEEK_SET)) {
        fprintf(stderr,"Error at line %d: lseek %s\n",__LINE__,strerror(errno));
        return -1;
    }
    nn = read(fd, gbp->base, gbp->size);
    if (nn == -1) {
        fprintf(stderr,"Error at line %d: read %s\n",__LINE__,strerror(errno));
        return -1;
    }
    gbp->offset += (gbp->size - slack);

    return NC_NOERR;
}

/*
 * Ensure that 'nextread' bytes are available.
 */
static int
val_check_buffer(int         fd,
                 bufferinfo *gbp,
                 long long  nextread)
{
    size_t pos_addr, base_addr;

    pos_addr = (size_t) gbp->pos;
    base_addr = (size_t) gbp->base;

    if (pos_addr + nextread <= base_addr + gbp->size)
        return NC_NOERR;

    return val_fetch(fd, gbp);
}

static int
val_get_NC_tag(int fd, bufferinfo *gbp, NC_tag *tagp, const char *loc)
{
    int status;
    size_t err_addr;
    unsigned int tag;

    err_addr = ERR_ADDR;
    status = val_check_buffer(fd, gbp, (gbp->version < 5) ? 4 : 8);
    if (status != NC_NOERR) goto fn_exit;

    tag = get_uint32(gbp);
    switch(tag) {
        case  0: *tagp = NC_UNSPECIFIED; break;
        case 10: *tagp = NC_DIMENSION;   break;
        case 11: *tagp = NC_VARIABLE;    break;
        case 12: *tagp = NC_ATTRIBUTE;   break;
        default:
            *tagp = NC_INVALID;
            if (verbose) printf("Error @ [0x%8.8zx]:\n", err_addr);
            if (verbose) printf("\tInvalid NC component tag (%d)\n",tag);
            return NC_ENOTNC;
    }
    return NC_NOERR;

fn_exit:
    if (verbose) printf("Error @ [0x%8.8zx]:\n", err_addr);
    if (verbose) printf("\t%s: Fail to read NC component tag\n",loc);
    return status;
}

static int
hdr_get_NON_NEG(int fd, bufferinfo *gbp, long long *sp)
{
    /* netCDF file format:
     *  ...
     * NON_NEG    = <non-negative INT> |  // CDF-1 and CDF-2
     *              <non-negative INT64>  // CDF-5
     */
    int sizeof_NON_NEG, status;

    sizeof_NON_NEG = (gbp->version < 5) ? 4 : 8;
    status = val_check_buffer(fd, gbp, sizeof_NON_NEG);
    if (status != NC_NOERR) {
        if (verbose) printf("%d-byte size is expected for ", sizeof_NON_NEG);
        return status;
    }
    if (gbp->version < 5)
        *sp = (long long) get_uint32(gbp);
    else
        *sp = (long long) get_uint64(gbp);

    return status;
}

static int
hdr_get_name(int          fd,
             bufferinfo  *gbp,
             char       **namep,
             size_t      *name_len,
             const char  *loc)
{
    /* netCDF file format:
     *  ...
     * name       = nelems  namestring
     * nelems     = NON_NEG
     * namestring = ID1 [IDN ...] padding
     * ID1        = alphanumeric | '_'
     * IDN        = alphanumeric | special1 | special2
     * padding    = <0, 1, 2, or 3 bytes to next 4-byte boundary>
     * NON_NEG    = <non-negative INT> |  // CDF-1 and CDF-2
     *              <non-negative INT64>  // CDF-5
     */
    int err=NC_NOERR;
    char *cpos, pad[X_ALIGN-1];
    long long nchars=0, padding, bufremain, strcount;
    size_t err_addr, pos_addr, base_addr;

    *namep = NULL;

    /* read nelems, string length */
    err_addr = ERR_ADDR;
    err = hdr_get_NON_NEG(fd, gbp, &nchars);
    if (err != NC_NOERR) {
        if (verbose) printf("Error @ [0x%8.8zx]:\n", err_addr);
        if (verbose) printf("\t%s: Failed to read name string length\n", loc);
        return err;
    }
    *name_len = nchars;

    *namep = (char*) malloc((size_t)nchars + 1);
    if (*namep == NULL) DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(NC_ENOMEM)
    (*namep)[nchars] = '\0'; /* add terminal character */

    padding   = PNETCDF_RNDUP(nchars, X_ALIGN) - nchars;
    pos_addr  = (size_t) gbp->pos;
    base_addr = (size_t) gbp->base;
    bufremain = gbp->size - (pos_addr - base_addr);
    cpos = *namep;

    while (nchars > 0) {
        if (bufremain > 0) {
            strcount = MIN(bufremain, nchars);
            (void) memcpy(cpos, gbp->pos, strcount);
            nchars -= strcount;
            gbp->pos = (void *)((char *)gbp->pos + strcount);
            cpos += strcount;
            bufremain -= strcount;
        } else {
            err_addr = ERR_ADDR;
            err = val_fetch(fd, gbp);
            if (err != NC_NOERR) {
                if (verbose) printf("Error @ [0x%8.8zx]:\n", err_addr);
                if (verbose) printf("\t%s - fetching name string\n", loc);
                free(*namep);
                *namep = NULL;
                return err;
            }
            bufremain = gbp->size;
        }
    }

    if (padding > 0) {
        err_addr = ERR_ADDR;
        err = val_check_buffer(fd, gbp, padding);
        if (err != NC_NOERR) {
            if (verbose) printf("Error @ [0x%8.8zx]:\n", err_addr);
            if (verbose) printf("\t%s - fetching name string padding\n", loc);
            free(*namep);
            *namep = NULL;
            return err;
        }
        memset(pad, 0, X_ALIGN-1);
        if (memcmp(gbp->pos, pad, padding) != 0) {
            /* This is considered not a fatal error, we continue to validate */
            if (verbose) printf("Error @ [0x%8.8zx]:\n", err_addr);
            if (verbose) printf("\t%s \"%s\": name padding is non-null byte\n", loc, *namep);
            DEBUG_ASSIGN_ERROR(err, NC_ENULLPAD)
            if (repair) {
                val_repair(fd, err_addr, (size_t)padding, (void*)nada);
                if (verbose)
                    printf("\t%s \"%s\": name padding error has been **repaired**\n",loc,*namep);
            }
        }
        gbp->pos = (void *)((char *)gbp->pos + padding);
    }

    return err;
}

static int
val_get_NC_dim(int fd, bufferinfo *gbp, NC_dim **dimpp, NC_dimarray *ncap) {
    int err, status=NC_NOERR;
    char *name=NULL;
    size_t err_addr, name_len;
    long long dim_length;
    NC_dim *dimp;

    *dimpp = NULL;

    status = hdr_get_name(fd, gbp, &name, &name_len, "Dimension");
    if (status != NC_NOERR && status != NC_ENULLPAD) {
        if (name != NULL) free(name);
        return status;
    }

    /* read dimension length */
    err_addr = ERR_ADDR;
    err = hdr_get_NON_NEG(fd, gbp, &dim_length);
    if (err != NC_NOERR) { /* frees dimp */
        if (verbose) printf("Error @ [0x%8.8zx]:\n", err_addr);
        if (verbose) printf("\tDimension \"%s\": Failed to read dimension size\n",name);
        free(name);
        return err;
    }

    /* check if unlimited_id already set */
    if (ncap->unlimited_id != -1 && dim_length == 0) {
        if (verbose) printf("Error @ [0x%8.8zx]:\n", err_addr);
        if (verbose) printf("\tDimension \"%s\": NC_UNLIMITED dimension already found (\"%s\")\n",name,ncap->value[ncap->unlimited_id]->name);
        free(name);
        return NC_EUNLIMIT;
    }

    dimp = (NC_dim*) malloc(sizeof(NC_dim));
    if (dimp == NULL) {
        free(name);
        DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(NC_ENOMEM)
    }
    dimp->name     = name;
    dimp->name_len = name_len;
    dimp->size     = dim_length;

    *dimpp = dimp;

    return status;
}

static int
val_get_NC_dimarray(int fd, bufferinfo *gbp, NC_dimarray *ncap, long long numrecs)
{
    /* netCDF file format:
     *  ...
     * dim_list     = ABSENT | NC_DIMENSION  nelems  [dim ...]
     * ABSENT       = ZERO  ZERO |  // list is not present for CDF-1 and 2
     *                ZERO  ZERO64  // for CDF-5
     * ZERO         = \x00 \x00 \x00 \x00                      // 32-bit zero
     * ZERO64       = \x00 \x00 \x00 \x00 \x00 \x00 \x00 \x00  // 64-bit zero
     * NC_DIMENSION = \x00 \x00 \x00 \x0A         // tag for list of dimensions
     * nelems       = NON_NEG       // number of elements in following sequence
     * NON_NEG      = <non-negative INT> |        // CDF-1 and CDF-2
     *                <non-negative INT64>        // CDF-5
     */
    int dim, err, status=NC_NOERR;
    NC_tag tag = NC_UNSPECIFIED;
    size_t tag_err_addr, nelems_err_addr;
    long long tmp;

    assert(gbp != NULL && gbp->pos != NULL);
    assert(ncap != NULL);
    assert(ncap->value == NULL);

    /* read NC_tag (NC_DIMENSION or ZERO) from gbp buffer */
    tag_err_addr = ERR_ADDR;
    err = val_get_NC_tag(fd, gbp, &tag, "tag NC_DIMENSION");
    if (err != NC_NOERR) return err;

    /* read nelems (number of dimensions) from gbp buffer */
    nelems_err_addr = ERR_ADDR;
    err = hdr_get_NON_NEG(fd, gbp, &tmp);
    if (err != NC_NOERR) {
        if (verbose) printf("Error @ [0x%8.8zx]:\n", nelems_err_addr);
        if (verbose) printf("\tFailed to read tag NC_DIMENSION\n");
        return err;
    }
    if (tmp > NC_MAX_DIMS) {
        /* number of allowable defined dimensions NC_MAX_DIMS */
        if (verbose) printf("Error @ [0x%8.8zx]:\n", nelems_err_addr);
        if (verbose) printf("\tNumber of dimensions (%lld) defined in file exceeds NC_MAX_DIMS (%d)\n",tmp,NC_MAX_DIMS);
        DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(NC_EMAXDIMS)
    }
    ncap->ndefined = (int)tmp;
    if (trace) printf("\ndim_list (dimension list):\n");

    ncap->unlimited_id = -1;

    if (ncap->ndefined == 0) {
        /* no dimension defined */
        /* From the CDF file format specification, the tag is either
         * NC_DIMENSION or ABSENT (ZERO), but we follow NetCDF library to skip
         * checking the tag when ndefined is zero.
         */
        if (trace) printf("\ttag = ABSENT (no dimension defined)\n");
        return NC_NOERR;
#if 0
        if (tag != ABSENT) {
            if (verbose) printf("Error @ [0x%8.8zx]:\n", err_addr);
            if (verbose) printf("\tInvalid NC component tag, while ABSENT is expected for ");
            DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(NC_ENOTNC)
        }
#endif
    } else {
        if (tag != NC_DIMENSION) {
            if (verbose) printf("Error @ [0x%8.8zx]:\n", tag_err_addr);
            if (verbose) printf("\tInvalid NC component tag (%d), expecting NC_DIMENSION (%d)\n",tag,NC_DIMENSION);
            DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(NC_ENOTNC)
        }
        if (trace) {
            printf("\ttag = NC_DIMENSION\n");
            printf("\tnumber of dimensions defined = %d\n", ncap->ndefined);
        }

        /* check each dimension */
        size_t alloc_size = (size_t)ncap->ndefined + NC_ARRAY_GROWBY;
        ncap->value = (NC_dim **) calloc(alloc_size, sizeof(NC_dim *));
        if (ncap->value == NULL) DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(NC_ENOMEM)

        for (dim=0; dim<ncap->ndefined; dim++) {
            err = val_get_NC_dim(fd, gbp, &ncap->value[dim], ncap);
            if (err != NC_NOERR && err != NC_ENULLPAD) {
                ncap->ndefined = dim;
                free_NC_dimarray(ncap);
                return err;
            }
            if (status == NC_NOERR) status = err;
            if (ncap->value[dim]->size == NC_UNLIMITED)
                ncap->unlimited_id = dim; /* ID of unlimited dimension */

            if (trace) {
                if (ncap->unlimited_id == dim)
                    printf("\tdimension ID %2d: name \"%s\", length = UNLIMITED (%lld currently)\n",
                           dim,ncap->value[dim]->name, numrecs);
                else
                    printf("\tdimension ID %2d: name \"%s\", length = %lld\n",
                           dim,ncap->value[dim]->name,ncap->value[dim]->size);
            }
        }
    }

    return status;
}

static int
val_get_nc_type(int         fd,
                bufferinfo *gbp,
                nc_type    *xtypep,
                const char *loc)
{
    /* nc_type is 4-byte integer */
    int status;
    size_t err_addr;
    unsigned int xtype = 0;

    err_addr = ERR_ADDR;
    status = val_check_buffer(fd, gbp, 4);
    if (status != NC_NOERR) goto read_err_exit;

    /* get a 4-byte integer */
    xtype = get_uint32(gbp);

    if (xtype < NC_BYTE) goto err_exit;

    if (gbp->version < 5) {
        if (xtype > NC_DOUBLE) goto err_exit;
    }
    else if (xtype > NC_UINT64) goto err_exit;

    *xtypep = (nc_type) xtype;

    return NC_NOERR;

read_err_exit:
    if (verbose) printf("Error @ [0x%8.8zx]:\n", err_addr);
    if (verbose) printf("\t%s: Failed to read NC data type\n",loc);
    return status;

err_exit:
    if (verbose) printf("Error @ [0x%8.8zx]:\n", err_addr);
    if (verbose) printf("\t%s: Unknown NC data type (%u)\n",loc, xtype);
    DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(NC_EBADTYPE)
}

/*
 * Get the values of an attribute
 */
static int
val_get_NC_attrV(int         fd,
                 bufferinfo *gbp,
                 NC_attr    *attrp,
                 const char *loc)
{
    int status=NC_NOERR;
    void *value = attrp->xvalue;
    char pad[X_ALIGN-1];
    size_t err_addr;
    long long nvalues, padding, bufremain, attcount;
    size_t pos_addr, base_addr;

    nvalues = attrp->nelems * xlen_nc_type(attrp->xtype);
    padding = attrp->xsz - nvalues;
    pos_addr  = (size_t) gbp->pos;
    base_addr = (size_t) gbp->base;
    bufremain = gbp->size - (pos_addr - base_addr);

    while (nvalues > 0) {
        if (bufremain > 0) {
            attcount = MIN(bufremain, nvalues);
            (void) memcpy(value, gbp->pos, attcount);
            nvalues -= attcount;
            gbp->pos = (void *)((char *)gbp->pos + attcount);
            value = (void *)((char *)value + attcount);
            bufremain -= attcount;
        } else {
            err_addr = ERR_ADDR;
            status = val_fetch(fd, gbp);
            if (status != NC_NOERR) {
                if (verbose) printf("Error @ [0x%8.8zx]:\n", err_addr);
                if (verbose) printf("\t%s: Failed to fetch next chunk into a buffer\n", loc);
                return status;
            }
            bufremain = gbp->size;
        }
    }

    if (padding > 0) {
        memset(pad, 0, X_ALIGN-1);
        if (memcmp(gbp->pos, pad, padding) != 0) {
            /* This is considered not a fatal error, we continue to validate */
            if (verbose) printf("Error @ [0x%8.8zx]:\n", ERR_ADDR);
            if (verbose) printf("\t%s: value padding is non-null byte\n", loc);
            DEBUG_ASSIGN_ERROR(status, NC_ENULLPAD)
            if (repair) {
                val_repair(fd, ERR_ADDR, (size_t)padding, (void*)nada);
                if (verbose)
                    printf("\t%s: value padding has been **repaired**\n",loc);
            }
        }
        gbp->pos = (void *)((char *)gbp->pos + padding);
    }

    return status;
}

static char*
str_NC_type(nc_type xtype)
{
    switch(xtype) {
        case NC_BYTE:   return "NC_BYTE";
        case NC_CHAR:   return "NC_CHAR";
        case NC_UBYTE:  return "NC_UBYTE";
        case NC_SHORT:  return "NC_SHORT";
        case NC_USHORT: return "NC_USHORT";
        case NC_INT:    return "NC_INT";
        case NC_UINT:   return "NC_UINT";
        case NC_FLOAT:  return "NC_FLOAT";
        case NC_DOUBLE: return "NC_DOUBLE";
        case NC_INT64:  return "NC_INT64";
        case NC_UINT64: return "NC_UINT64";
        default: return "";
    }
}

static long long
x_len_NC_attrV(nc_type    xtype,
               long long nelems)
{
    switch(xtype) {
        case NC_BYTE:
        case NC_CHAR:
        case NC_UBYTE:  return PNETCDF_RNDUP(nelems, 4);
        case NC_SHORT:
        case NC_USHORT: return ((nelems + (nelems)%2) * 2);
        case NC_INT:    return (nelems * 4);
        case NC_UINT:   return (nelems * 4);
        case NC_FLOAT:  return (nelems * 4);
        case NC_DOUBLE: return (nelems * 8);
        case NC_INT64:  return (nelems * 8);
        case NC_UINT64: return (nelems * 8);
        default: if (verbose) fprintf(stderr, "Error: bad xtype(%d) in %s\n",xtype,__func__);
    }
    return 0;
}

static int
new_NC_attr(char        *name,
            size_t       name_len,
            nc_type      xtype,
            long long   nelems,
            NC_attr    **attrp)
{
    *attrp = (NC_attr*) malloc(sizeof(NC_attr));
    if (*attrp == NULL ) DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(NC_ENOMEM)

    (*attrp)->xtype    = xtype;
    (*attrp)->xsz      = 0;
    (*attrp)->nelems   = nelems;
    (*attrp)->xvalue   = NULL;
    (*attrp)->name     = name;
    (*attrp)->name_len = name_len;

    if (nelems > 0) {
        long long xsz = x_len_NC_attrV(xtype, nelems);
        (*attrp)->xsz    = xsz;
        (*attrp)->xvalue = malloc((size_t)xsz);
        if ((*attrp)->xvalue == NULL) {
            free(*attrp);
            *attrp = NULL;
            DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(NC_ENOMEM)
        }
    }
    return NC_NOERR;
}

static int
val_get_NC_attr(int          fd,
                bufferinfo  *gbp,
                NC_attr    **attrpp,
                const char  *loc)
{
    char *name=NULL, xloc[1024];
    int err, status=NC_NOERR;
    size_t err_addr, name_len;
    nc_type xtype;
    long long nelems;
    NC_attr *attrp;

    status = hdr_get_name(fd, gbp, &name, &name_len, loc);
    if (status != NC_NOERR && status != NC_ENULLPAD) {
        if (name != NULL) free(name);
        return status;
    }

    sprintf(xloc,"%s \"%s\"",loc,name);
    err = val_get_nc_type(fd, gbp, &xtype, xloc);
    if (err != NC_NOERR) {
        if (name != NULL) free(name);
        return err;
    }

    err_addr = ERR_ADDR;
    err = hdr_get_NON_NEG(fd, gbp, &nelems);
    if (err != NC_NOERR) {
        if (verbose) printf("Error @ [0x%8.8zx]:\n", err_addr);
        if (verbose) printf("\t%s: Failed to read attribute length\n",xloc);
        if (name != NULL) free(name);
        return err;
    }

    err = new_NC_attr(name, name_len, xtype, nelems, &attrp);
    if(err != NC_NOERR) {
        if (name != NULL) free(name);
        return err;
    }

    err = val_get_NC_attrV(fd, gbp, attrp, xloc);
    if (err != NC_NOERR && err != NC_ENULLPAD) {
        free(attrp->name);
        free(attrp->xvalue);
        free(attrp);
        return err;
    }
    if (status == NC_NOERR) status = err;

    *attrpp = attrp;

    return status;
}

static int
val_get_NC_attrarray(int           fd,
                     bufferinfo   *gbp,
                     NC_attrarray *ncap,
                     const char   *loc)
{
    /* netCDF file format:
     *  ...
     * att_list     = ABSENT | NC_ATTRIBUTE  nelems  [attr ...]
     * ABSENT       = ZERO  ZERO |  // list is not present for CDF-1 and 2
     *                ZERO  ZERO64  // for CDF-5
     * ZERO         = \x00 \x00 \x00 \x00                      // 32-bit zero
     * ZERO64       = \x00 \x00 \x00 \x00 \x00 \x00 \x00 \x00  // 64-bit zero
     * NC_ATTRIBUTE = \x00 \x00 \x00 \x0C         // tag for list of attributes
     * nelems       = NON_NEG       // number of elements in following sequence
     * NON_NEG      = <non-negative INT> |        // CDF-1 and CDF-2
     *                <non-negative INT64>        // CDF-5
     */
    char xloc[1024];
    int i, err, status=NC_NOERR;
    NC_tag tag = NC_UNSPECIFIED;
    long long tmp;
    size_t tag_err_addr, nelems_err_addr;

    assert(gbp != NULL && gbp->pos != NULL);
    assert(ncap != NULL);
    assert(ncap->value == NULL);

    /* read NC_tag (NC_ATTRIBUTE or ZERO) from gbp buffer */
    tag_err_addr = ERR_ADDR;
    err = val_get_NC_tag(fd, gbp, &tag, "tag NC_ATTRIBUTE");
    if (err != NC_NOERR) return err;

    /* read nelems (number of attributes) from gbp buffer */
    nelems_err_addr = ERR_ADDR;
    err = hdr_get_NON_NEG(fd, gbp, &tmp);
    if (err != NC_NOERR) {
        if (verbose) printf("Error @ [0x%8.8zx]:\n", nelems_err_addr);
        if (verbose) printf("\tFailed to read tag NC_ATTRIBUTE\n");
        return err;
    }
    if (tmp > NC_MAX_ATTRS) {
        /* number of allowable defined attributes NC_MAX_ATTRS */
        if (verbose) printf("Error @ [0x%8.8zx]:\n", nelems_err_addr);
        if (verbose) printf("\t%s attributes: number of attributes (%lld) exceeds NC_MAX_ATTRS (%d)\n",loc,tmp,NC_MAX_ATTRS);
        return NC_EMAXATTS;
    }
    ncap->ndefined = (int)tmp;

    if (trace) {
        if (!strcmp(loc, "Global"))
            printf("\ngatt_list (global attribute list):\n");
        else
            printf("\t\tvatt_list (variable attribute list):\n");
    }

    if (ncap->ndefined == 0) {
        /* no attribute defined */
        /* From the CDF file format specification, the tag is either
         * NC_ATTRIBUTE or ABSENT (ZERO), but we follow NetCDF library to skip
         * checking the tag when ndefined is zero.
         */
        if (trace) {
            if (strcmp(loc, "Global")) printf("\t\t");
            printf("\ttag = ABSENT (no attribute defined)\n");
        }
        return NC_NOERR;
#if 0
        if (tag != ABSENT) {
            if (verbose) printf("Error @ [0x%8.8zx]:\n", err_addr);
            if (verbose) printf("\tInvalid NC component tag, while ABSENT is expected for ");
            DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(NC_ENOTNC)
        }
#endif
    } else {
        sprintf(xloc, "%s attribute", loc);
        if (tag != NC_ATTRIBUTE) {
            if (verbose) printf("Error @ [0x%8.8zx]:\n", tag_err_addr);
            if (verbose) printf("\t%s: Invalid NC component tag (%d), expecting NC_ATTRIBUTE (%d)\n",xloc,tag,NC_ATTRIBUTE);
            DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(NC_ENOTNC)
        }
        if (trace) {
            if (strcmp(loc, "Global")) printf("\t\t");
            printf("\ttag = NC_ATTRIBUTE\n");
            if (strcmp(loc, "Global")) printf("\t\t");
            printf("\tnumber of attributes = %d\n", ncap->ndefined);
        }

        size_t alloc_size = (size_t)ncap->ndefined + NC_ARRAY_GROWBY;
        ncap->value = (NC_attr **) calloc(alloc_size, sizeof(NC_attr *));
        if (ncap->value == NULL) DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(NC_ENOMEM)

        for (i=0; i<ncap->ndefined; i++) {
            err = val_get_NC_attr(fd, gbp, &ncap->value[i], xloc);
            if (err != NC_NOERR && err != NC_ENULLPAD) {
                ncap->ndefined = i;
                free_NC_attrarray(ncap);
                return err;
            }
            if (status == NC_NOERR) status = err;
            if (trace) {
                if (strcmp(loc, "Global")) printf("\t\t");
                printf("\tattribute name \"%s\", type = %s, length = %lld\n",
                       ncap->value[i]->name, str_NC_type(ncap->value[i]->xtype),
                       ncap->value[i]->nelems);
            }
        }
    }

    return status;
}

/*----< ncmpio_new_NC_var() >------------------------------------------------*/
static NC_var *
val_new_NC_var(char *name, size_t name_len, int ndims)
{
    NC_var *varp;

    varp = (NC_var *) calloc(1, sizeof(NC_var));
    if (varp == NULL) return NULL;

    if (ndims > 0) {
        varp->shape  = (long long*)calloc(ndims, sizeof(long long));
        varp->dsizes = (long long*)calloc(ndims, sizeof(long long));
        varp->dimids = (int *)     calloc(ndims, sizeof(int));
    }

    varp->name     = name;
    varp->name_len = name_len;
    varp->ndims    = ndims;
    varp->xsz      = 0;
    varp->len      = 0;
    varp->begin    = 0;

    return varp;
}

/*----< len_nctype() >-------------------------------------------------------*/
static int
len_nctype(nc_type type) {
    switch(type) {
        case NC_BYTE:
        case NC_CHAR:
        case NC_UBYTE:  return 1;
        case NC_SHORT:
        case NC_USHORT: return 2;
        case NC_INT:
        case NC_UINT:
        case NC_FLOAT:  return 4;
        case NC_DOUBLE:
        case NC_INT64:
        case NC_UINT64: return 8;
        default: assert("len_nctype bad type" == 0);
    }
    return 0;
}

/*----< val_get_NC_var() >---------------------------------------------------*/
static int
val_get_NC_var(int          fd,
               bufferinfo  *gbp,
               NC_var     **varpp,
               int          f_ndims, /* no. dimensions defined in file */
               const char  *loc)
{
    /* netCDF file format:
     * netcdf_file = header data
     * header      = magic numrecs dim_list gatt_list var_list
     *  ...
     * var         = name nelems [dimid ...] vatt_list nc_type vsize begin
     * nelems      = NON_NEG
     * dimid       = NON_NEG
     * vatt_list   = att_list
     * nc_type     = NC_BYTE | NC_CHAR | NC_SHORT | ...
     * vsize       = NON_NEG
     * begin       = OFFSET        // Variable start location.
     * OFFSET      = <non-negative INT> |  // CDF-1
     *               <non-negative INT64>  // CDF-2 and CDF-5
     * NON_NEG     = <non-negative INT> |  // CDF-1 and CDF-2
     *               <non-negative INT64>  // CDF-5
     */
    char *name=NULL, xloc[1024];
    int dim, dimid, ndims, err, status=NC_NOERR;
    size_t err_addr, name_len;
    long long ndims64;
    NC_var *varp;

    /* read variable name */
    err = hdr_get_name(fd, gbp, &name, &name_len, loc);
    if (err != NC_NOERR && err != NC_ENULLPAD) {
        if (name != NULL) free(name);
        return err;
    }
    status = err;

    if (trace) printf("\t\tname = \"%s\"\n", name);

    /* read number of dimensions */
    sprintf(xloc,"%s \"%s\"",loc,name);
    err_addr = ERR_ADDR;
    err = hdr_get_NON_NEG(fd, gbp, &ndims64);
    if (err != NC_NOERR) {
        if (verbose) printf("Error @ [0x%8.8zx]:\n", err_addr);
        if (verbose) printf("\t%s: Failed to read number of dimensions\n",xloc);
        if (name != NULL) free(name);
        return err;
    }
    if (status == NC_NOERR) status = err;

    /* cannot be more than NC_MAX_VAR_DIMS */
    if (ndims64 > NC_MAX_VAR_DIMS) {
        if (verbose) printf("Error:\n");
        if (verbose) printf("\t%s: number of dimensions (%lld) larger than NC_MAX_VAR_DIMS (%d)\n",xloc,ndims64,NC_MAX_VAR_DIMS);
        if (name != NULL) free(name);
        DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(NC_EMAXDIMS)
    }
    ndims = (int)ndims64;

    if (trace) printf("\t\tnumber of dimensions = %d\n", ndims);

    /* allocate variable object */
    varp = val_new_NC_var(name, name_len, ndims);
    if (varp == NULL) {
        if (name != NULL) free(name);
        DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(NC_ENOMEM)
    }

    if (trace && ndims > 0) printf("\t\tdimension IDs:");

    /* read dimension IDs and check dimensions */
    for (dim=0; dim<ndims; dim++) {
        err = val_check_buffer(fd, gbp, (gbp->version < 5 ? 4 : 8));
        if (err != NC_NOERR) {
            if (trace) printf("\n");
            if (verbose) printf("Error @ [0x%8.8zx]:\n", ERR_ADDR);
            if (verbose) printf("\t%s: Fail to read dimid[%d]\n",xloc,dim);
            free_NC_var(varp);
            return err;
        }
        err_addr = ERR_ADDR;
        if (gbp->version < 5)
            dimid = (int) get_uint32(gbp);
        else
            dimid = (int) get_uint64(gbp);

        if (trace) printf(" %d", dimid);

        /* dimid should be < f_ndims (num of dimensions defined in file) */
        if (dimid >= f_ndims) {
            if (trace) printf("\n");
            if (verbose) printf("Error @ [0x%8.8zx]:\n", err_addr);
            if (verbose) printf("\t%s \"%s\": dimid[%d]=%d is larger than the number of dimensions defined in file (%d)\n",loc,name,dim,dimid,f_ndims);
            free_NC_var(varp);
            DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(NC_EBADDIM)
        }
        varp->dimids[dim] = dimid;
    }
    if (trace && ndims > 0) printf("\n");

    /* var = name nelems [dimid ...] vatt_list nc_type vsize begin
     *                               ^^^^^^^^^                     */
    sprintf(xloc,"%s \"%s\"",loc,name);
    err = val_get_NC_attrarray(fd, gbp, &varp->attrs, xloc);
    if (err != NC_NOERR && err != NC_ENULLPAD) {
        free_NC_var(varp);
        return err;
    }
    if (status == NC_NOERR) status = err;

    /* var = name nelems [dimid ...] vatt_list nc_type vsize begin
     *                                         ^^^^^^^             */
    err = val_get_nc_type(fd, gbp, &varp->xtype, xloc);
    if (err != NC_NOERR) {
        free_NC_var(varp);
        return err;
    }
    if (trace) printf("\t\tdata type: %s\n", str_NC_type(varp->xtype));

    varp->xsz = len_nctype(varp->xtype);

    /* var = name nelems [dimid ...] vatt_list nc_type vsize begin
     *                                                 ^^^^^
     * instead of use vsize from file, we recalculate it in
     * compute_var_shape() */
    err_addr = ERR_ADDR;
    err = hdr_get_NON_NEG(fd, gbp, &varp->len);
    if (err != NC_NOERR) {
        if (verbose) printf("Error @ [0x%8.8zx]:\n", err_addr);
        if (verbose) printf("\t%s: Failed to read vsize\n",xloc);
        free_NC_var(varp);
        return err;
    }
    if (trace) printf("\t\tvariable size (vsize): %lld\n", varp->len);

    err = val_check_buffer(fd, gbp, (gbp->version == 1 ? 4 : 8));
    if (err != NC_NOERR) {
        if (verbose) printf("Error @ [0x%8.8zx]:\n", ERR_ADDR);
        if (verbose) printf("\t%s: Fail to read begin\n",xloc);
        free_NC_var(varp);
        return err;
    }
    /* var = name nelems [dimid ...] vatt_list nc_type vsize begin
     *                                                       ^^^^^ */
    if (gbp->version == 1)
        varp->begin = (long long) get_uint32(gbp);
    else
        varp->begin = (long long) get_uint64(gbp);

    if (trace) printf("\t\tstarting file offset (begin): %lld\n", varp->begin);

    *varpp = varp;
    return status;
}

static int
val_get_NC_vararray(int          fd,
                    bufferinfo  *gbp,
                    NC_vararray *ncap,
                    int          f_ndims) /* no. dimensions defined in file */

{
    /* netCDF file format:
     * netcdf_file = header  data
     * header      = magic  numrecs  dim_list  gatt_list  var_list
     *  ...
     * var_list    = ABSENT | NC_VARIABLE   nelems  [var ...]
     * ABSENT      = ZERO  ZERO |  // list is not present for CDF-1 and 2
     *               ZERO  ZERO64  // for CDF-5
     * ZERO        = \x00 \x00 \x00 \x00                      // 32-bit zero
     * ZERO64      = \x00 \x00 \x00 \x00 \x00 \x00 \x00 \x00  // 64-bit zero
     * NC_VARIABLE = \x00 \x00 \x00 \x0B         // tag for list of variables
     * nelems      = NON_NEG       // number of elements in following sequence
     * NON_NEG     = <non-negative INT> |        // CDF-1 and CDF-2
     *               <non-negative INT64>        // CDF-5
     */
    int var, err, status=NC_NOERR;
    NC_tag tag = NC_UNSPECIFIED;
    long long tmp;
    size_t tag_err_addr, nelems_err_addr;

    assert(gbp != NULL && gbp->pos != NULL);
    assert(ncap != NULL);
    assert(ncap->value == NULL);

    /* read NC_tag (NC_VARIABLE or ZERO) from gbp buffer */
    tag_err_addr = ERR_ADDR;
    err = val_get_NC_tag(fd, gbp, &tag, "tag NC_VARIABLE");
    if (err != NC_NOERR) return err;

    /* read nelems (number of variables) from gbp buffer */
    nelems_err_addr = ERR_ADDR;
    err = hdr_get_NON_NEG(fd, gbp, &tmp);
    if (err != NC_NOERR) {
        if (verbose) printf("Error @ [0x%8.8zx]:\n", nelems_err_addr);
        if (verbose) printf("\tFailed to read tag NC_VARIABLE\n");
        return err;
    }
    if (tmp > NC_MAX_VARS) {
        /* number of allowable defined variables NC_MAX_VARS */
        if (verbose) printf("Error @ [0x%8.8zx]:\n", nelems_err_addr);
        if (verbose) printf("\tNumber of variables (%lld) exceeds NC_MAX_VARS (%d)\n",tmp,NC_MAX_VARS);
        DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(NC_EMAXVARS);
    }
    ncap->ndefined = (int)tmp;

    if (trace) printf("\nvar_list (variable list):\n");

    if (ncap->ndefined == 0) {
        /* From the CDF file format specification, the tag is either
         * NC_VARIABLE or ABSENT (ZERO), but we follow NetCDF library to skip
         * checking the tag when ndefined is zero.
         */
        if (trace) printf("\ntag = ABSENT (no variable defined)\n");
        return NC_NOERR;
#if 0
        if (tag != ABSENT) {
            if (verbose) printf("Error @ [0x%8.8zx]:\n", err_addr);
            if (verbose) printf("\tInvalid NC component tag, while ABSENT is expected for ");
            DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(NC_ENOTNC)
        }
#endif
    } else {
        if (tag != NC_VARIABLE) {
            if (verbose) printf("Error @ [0x%8.8zx]:\n", tag_err_addr);
            if (verbose) printf("\tInvalid NC component tag (%d), expecting NC_VARIABLE (%d)\n",tag,NC_VARIABLE);
            DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(NC_ENOTNC)
        }
        if (trace) printf("\ttag = NC_VARIABLE\n");
        if (trace) printf("\tnumber of variables = %d\n", ncap->ndefined);

        size_t alloc_size = (size_t)ncap->ndefined + NC_ARRAY_GROWBY;
        ncap->value = (NC_var **) calloc(alloc_size, sizeof(NC_var *));
        if (ncap->value == NULL) DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(NC_ENOMEM)

        for (var=0; var<ncap->ndefined; var++) {
            if (trace) printf("\n\tvariable ID = %d\n", var);
            err = val_get_NC_var(fd, gbp, &ncap->value[var], f_ndims, "Variable");
            if (err != NC_NOERR && err != NC_ENULLPAD) {
                ncap->ndefined = var;
                free_NC_vararray(ncap);
                return err;
            }
            if (status == NC_NOERR) status = err;
        }
    }

    return status;
}

/*----< NC_check_vlen() >----------------------------------------------------*/
/* Check whether variable size is less than or equal to vlen_max,
 * without overflowing in arithmetic calculations.  If OK, return 1,
 * else, return 0.  For CDF1 format or for CDF2 format on non-LFS
 * platforms, vlen_max should be 2^31 - 4, but for CDF2 format on
 * systems with LFS it should be 2^32 - 4.
 */
static int
NC_check_vlen(NC_var     *varp,
              long long  vlen_max)
{
    int i;
    long long prod=varp->xsz;     /* product of xsz and dimensions so far */

    for (i = IS_RECVAR(varp) ? 1 : 0; i < varp->ndims; i++) {
        if (varp->shape[i] > vlen_max / prod) {
            return 0;           /* size in bytes won't fit in a 32-bit int */
        }
        prod *= varp->shape[i];
    }
    return 1;
}

#define DUMP_DIMS(varp) {                                           \
    int kk;                                                         \
    printf("(%lld", ncp->dims.value[varp->dimids[0]]->size);        \
    for (kk=1; kk<varp->ndims; kk++)                                \
        printf(", %lld", ncp->dims.value[varp->dimids[kk]]->size);  \
    printf(")");                                                    \
}

/*
 * Given a valid ncp, check all variables for their sizes against the maximal
 * allowable sizes. Different CDF formation versions have different maximal
 * sizes. This function returns NC_EVARSIZE if any variable has a bad len
 * (product of non-rec dim sizes too large), else return NC_NOERR.
 */
static int
val_NC_check_vlens(NC *ncp)
{
    NC_var **vpp;
    /* maximum permitted variable size (or size of one record's worth
       of a record variable) in bytes.  This is different for format 1
       and format 2. */
    long long ii, vlen_max, rec_vars_count;
    long long large_fix_vars_count, large_rec_vars_count;
    long long first_large_fix_var, first_large_rec_var;
    long long second_large_fix_var, second_large_rec_var;
    int last = 0;

    if (ncp->vars.ndefined == 0)
        return NC_NOERR;

    if (ncp->format >= 5) /* CDF-5 */
        vlen_max = X_INT64_MAX - 3; /* "- 3" handles rounded-up size */
    else if (ncp->format == 2) /* CDF2 format */
        vlen_max = X_UINT_MAX  - 3; /* "- 3" handles rounded-up size */
    else
        vlen_max = X_INT_MAX   - 3; /* CDF1 format */

    /* Loop through vars, first pass is for non-record variables */
    large_fix_vars_count = 0;
    rec_vars_count = 0;
    vpp = ncp->vars.value;
    for (ii = 0; ii < ncp->vars.ndefined; ii++, vpp++) {
        if (!IS_RECVAR(*vpp)) {
            last = 0;
            if (NC_check_vlen(*vpp, vlen_max) == 0) {
                /* check this variable's shape product against vlen_max */
                if (ncp->format >= 5) { /* CDF-5 */
                    if (verbose) {
                        NC_var *varp = (*vpp);
                        printf("Error:\n");
                        printf("\tvar %s",varp->name);
                        DUMP_DIMS(varp)
                        printf(": variable size greater than max (%lld) allowable by CDF-%d\n",vlen_max,ncp->format);
                    }
                    DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(NC_EVARSIZE)
                }
                if (!large_fix_vars_count) first_large_fix_var = ii;
                else if (large_fix_vars_count == 1) second_large_fix_var = ii;
                large_fix_vars_count++;
                last = 1;
            }
        } else {
            rec_vars_count++;
        }
    }
    /* OK if last non-record variable size too large, since not used to
       compute an offset */
    if (large_fix_vars_count > 1) {  /* only one "too-large" variable allowed */
        if (verbose) {
            NC_var *varp;
            printf("Error:\n");
            printf("\tInput file contains %lld large fixed-size variables\n",large_fix_vars_count);
            printf("\tCDF-%d format allows only one large fixed-size variable\n",ncp->format);
            varp = ncp->vars.value[first_large_fix_var];
            printf("\tThe 1st large fixed-size variable is %s",varp->name);
            DUMP_DIMS(varp)
            printf("\n");
            varp = ncp->vars.value[second_large_fix_var];
            printf("\tThe 2nd large fixed-size variable is %s\n",varp->name);
            DUMP_DIMS(varp)
            printf("\n");
            if (ncp->format == 1)
                printf("\tSee: %s\n", fmt_limit);
            else if (ncp->format == 2)
                printf("\tSee: %s\n", off_limit);
        }
        DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(NC_EVARSIZE)
    }

    /* The only "too-large" variable must be the last one defined */
    if (large_fix_vars_count == 1 && last == 0) {
        if (verbose) {
            printf("Error:\n");
            printf("\tCDF-%d format allows only one large fixed-size variable which must be defined last and there is no record variable\n",ncp->format);
            NC_var *varp = ncp->vars.value[first_large_fix_var];
            printf("\tThe large fixed-size variable is %s",varp->name);
            DUMP_DIMS(varp)
            printf("\n");
            if (ncp->format == 1)
                printf("\tSee: %s\n", fmt_limit);
            else if (ncp->format == 2)
                printf("\tSee: %s\n", off_limit);
        }
        DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(NC_EVARSIZE)
    }

    if (rec_vars_count == 0) return NC_NOERR;

    /* if there is a "too-large" fixed-size variable, no record variable is
     * allowed */
    if (large_fix_vars_count == 1) {
        if (verbose) {
            printf("Error:\n");
            printf("\tInput file contains 1 large fixed-size variables and %lld record variables\n", rec_vars_count);
            printf("\tCDF-%d format allows only one large fixed-size variable which must be defined last and there is no record variable\n",ncp->format);
            if (ncp->format == 1)
                printf("\tSee: %s\n", fmt_limit);
            else if (ncp->format == 2)
                printf("\tSee: %s\n", off_limit);
        }
        DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(NC_EVARSIZE)
    }

    /* Loop through vars, second pass is for record variables.   */
    large_rec_vars_count = 0;
    vpp = ncp->vars.value;
    for (ii = 0; ii < ncp->vars.ndefined; ii++, vpp++) {
        if (IS_RECVAR(*vpp)) {
            last = 0;
            if (NC_check_vlen(*vpp, vlen_max) == 0) {
                /* check this variable's shape product against vlen_max */
                if (ncp->format >= 5) { /* CDF-5 */
                    if (verbose) {
                        NC_var *varp = (*vpp);
                        printf("Error:\n");
                        printf("\tvar %s",varp->name);
                        DUMP_DIMS(varp)
                        printf(": variable size greater than max (%lld) allowable by CDF-%d\n",vlen_max,ncp->format);
                    }
                    DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(NC_EVARSIZE)
                }
                if (!large_rec_vars_count) first_large_rec_var = ii;
                else if (large_rec_vars_count == 1) second_large_rec_var = ii;
                large_rec_vars_count++;
                last = 1;
            }
        }
    }

    /* For CDF-2, no record variable can require more than 2^32 - 4 bytes of
     * storage for each record's worth of data, unless it is the last record
     * variable.
     */
    if (large_rec_vars_count > 1) { /* only one "too-large" variable allowed */
        if (verbose) {
            NC_var *varp;
            printf("Error:\n");
            printf("\tInput file contains %lld large record variables\n",large_rec_vars_count);
            varp = ncp->vars.value[first_large_rec_var];
            printf("\tThe 1st large record variable is %s",varp->name);
            DUMP_DIMS(varp)
            printf("\n");
            varp = ncp->vars.value[second_large_rec_var];
            printf("\tThe 2nd large record variable is %s",varp->name);
            DUMP_DIMS(varp)
            printf("\n");
            printf("\tCDF-%d format allows only one large record variable\n",ncp->format);
            if (ncp->format == 1)
                printf("\tSee: %s\n", fmt_limit);
            else if (ncp->format == 2)
                printf("\tSee: %s\n", off_limit);
        }
        DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(NC_EVARSIZE)
    }

    /* and it has to be the last one */
    if (large_rec_vars_count == 1 && last == 0) {
        if (verbose) {
            printf("Error:\n");
            NC_var *varp = ncp->vars.value[first_large_rec_var];
            printf("\tThe 1st large record variable that is not defined last is %s",varp->name);
            DUMP_DIMS(varp)
            printf("\n");
            printf("\tCDF-%d format allows only one large record variable and it must be defined last\n",ncp->format);
            if (ncp->format == 1)
                printf("\tSee: %s\n", fmt_limit);
            else if (ncp->format == 2)
                printf("\tSee: %s\n", off_limit);
        }
        DEBUG_RETURN_ERROR(NC_EVARSIZE)
    }

    return NC_NOERR;
}

#ifdef VAR_BEGIN_IN_ARBITRARY_ORDER
typedef struct {
    long long off;      /* starting file offset of a variable */
    long long len;      /* length in bytes of a variable */
    int       ID;       /* variable index ID */
} off_len;

/*----< off_compare() >------------------------------------------------------*/
/* used for sorting the offsets of the off_len array */
static int
off_compare(const void *a, const void *b)
{
    if (((off_len*)a)->off > ((off_len*)b)->off) return  1;
    if (((off_len*)a)->off < ((off_len*)b)->off) return -1;
    return 0;
}
#endif

/*
 * Given a valid ncp, check all variables for overlapping begins and lengths.
 */
static int
val_NC_check_voff(NC *ncp)
{
    int i, num_fix_vars, status=NC_NOERR;

    if (ncp->vars.ndefined == 0) return NC_NOERR;

    num_fix_vars = ncp->vars.ndefined - ncp->vars.num_rec_vars;

#ifdef VAR_BEGIN_IN_ARBITRARY_ORDER
    int j;
    off_len *var_off_len;
    long long var_end, max_var_end;

    if (num_fix_vars == 0) goto check_rec_var;

    /* check non-record variables first */
    var_off_len = (off_len*) malloc(sizeof(off_len) * num_fix_vars);
    for (i=0, j=0; i<ncp->vars.ndefined; i++) {
        NC_var *varp = ncp->vars.value[i];
        if (varp->begin < ncp->begin_var) {
            if (verbose) {
                printf("Error - variable begin offset:\n");
                printf("\tvar \"%s\" begin offset (%lld) is less than file header extent (%lld)\n",
                       varp->name, varp->begin, ncp->begin_var);
            }
            DEBUG_ASSIGN_ERROR(status, NC_ENOTNC)
        }
        if (IS_RECVAR(varp)) continue;
        var_off_len[j].off = varp->begin;
        var_off_len[j].len = varp->len;
        var_off_len[j].ID  = i;
        j++;
    }
    assert(j == num_fix_vars);

    for (i=1; i<num_fix_vars; i++) {
        if (var_off_len[i].off < var_off_len[i-1].off)
            break;
    }

    if (i < num_fix_vars)
        /* sort the off-len array into an increasing order */
        qsort(var_off_len, num_fix_vars, sizeof(off_len), off_compare);

    max_var_end = var_off_len[0].off + var_off_len[0].len;
    for (i=1; i<num_fix_vars; i++) {
        if (var_off_len[i].off < var_off_len[i-1].off + var_off_len[i-1].len) {
            if (verbose) {
                NC_var *var_cur = ncp->vars.value[var_off_len[i].ID];
                NC_var *var_prv = ncp->vars.value[var_off_len[i-1].ID];
                printf("Error - variable begin offset:\n");
                printf("\tvar \"%s\" begin offset (%lld) overlaps var %s (begin=%lld, length=%lld)\n",
                       var_cur->name, var_cur->begin, var_prv->name, var_prv->begin, var_prv->len);
            }
            DEBUG_ASSIGN_ERROR(status, NC_ENOTNC)
        }
        var_end = var_off_len[i].off + var_off_len[i].len;
        max_var_end = MAX(max_var_end, var_end);
    }

    if (ncp->begin_rec < max_var_end) {
        if (verbose) printf("Error:\n");
        if (verbose) printf("\tRecord variable section begin offset (%lld) is less than fixed-size variable section end offset (%lld)\n", ncp->begin_rec, max_var_end);
        DEBUG_ASSIGN_ERROR(status, NC_ENOTNC)
    }
    free(var_off_len);

check_rec_var:
    if (ncp->vars.num_rec_vars == 0) return status;

    /* check record variables */
    var_off_len = (off_len*) malloc(sizeof(off_len) * ncp->vars.num_rec_vars);
    for (i=0, j=0; i<ncp->vars.ndefined; i++) {
        NC_var *varp = ncp->vars.value[i];
        if (!IS_RECVAR(varp)) continue;
        var_off_len[j].off = varp->begin;
        var_off_len[j].len = varp->len;
        var_off_len[j].ID  = i;
        j++;
    }
    assert(j == ncp->vars.num_rec_vars);

    for (i=1; i<ncp->vars.num_rec_vars; i++) {
        if (var_off_len[i].off < var_off_len[i-1].off)
            break;
    }

    if (i < ncp->vars.num_rec_vars)
        /* sort the off-len array into an increasing order */
        qsort(var_off_len, ncp->vars.num_rec_vars, sizeof(off_len), off_compare);

    for (i=1; i<ncp->vars.num_rec_vars; i++) {
        if (var_off_len[i].off < var_off_len[i-1].off + var_off_len[i-1].len) {
            if (verbose) {
                NC_var *var_cur = ncp->vars.value[var_off_len[i].ID];
                NC_var *var_prv = ncp->vars.value[var_off_len[i-1].ID];
                printf("Error - variable begin offset:\n");
                printf("\tvar \"%s\" begin offset (%lld) overlaps var %s (begin=%lld, length=%lld)\n",
                       var_cur->name, var_cur->begin, var_prv->name, var_prv->begin, var_prv->len);
            }
            DEBUG_ASSIGN_ERROR(status, NC_ENOTNC)
        }
    }
    free(var_off_len);
#else
    /* Loop through vars, first pass is for non-record variables */
    if (num_fix_vars == 0) goto check_rec_var;

    long long prev, prev_off;
    prev_off = ncp->begin_var;
    prev     = 0;
    for (i=0; i<ncp->vars.ndefined; i++) {
        NC_var *varp = ncp->vars.value[i];
        if (IS_RECVAR(varp)) continue;

        if (varp->begin < prev_off) {
            if (verbose) {
                printf("Error - variable begin offset orders:\n");
                if (i == 0)
                    printf("\tvar \"%s\" begin offset (%lld) is less than header extent (%lld)\n", varp->name, varp->begin, prev_off);
                else
                    printf("\tvar \"%s\" begin offset (%lld) is less than previous variable \"%s\" end offset (%lld)\n", varp->name, varp->begin, ncp->vars.value[prev]->name, prev_off);
            }
            DEBUG_ASSIGN_ERROR(status, NC_ENOTNC)
        }
        prev_off = varp->begin + varp->len;
        prev = i;
    }

    if (ncp->begin_rec < prev_off) {
        if (verbose) printf("Error:\n");
        if (verbose) printf("\tRecord variable section begin offset (%lld) is less than fixed-size variable section end offset (%lld)\n", ncp->begin_rec, prev_off);
        DEBUG_ASSIGN_ERROR(status, NC_ENOTNC)
    }

check_rec_var:
    if (ncp->vars.num_rec_vars == 0) return status;

    /* Loop through vars, second pass is for record variables */
    prev_off = ncp->begin_rec;
    prev     = 0;
    for (i=0; i<ncp->vars.ndefined; i++) {
        NC_var *varp = ncp->vars.value[i];
        if (!IS_RECVAR(varp)) continue;

        if (varp->begin < prev_off) {
            if (verbose) {
                printf("Error:\n");
                if (i == 0)
                    printf("Variable \"%s\" begin offset (%lld) is less than record variable section begin offset (%lld)\n", varp->name, varp->begin, prev_off);
                else
                    printf("Variable \"%s\" begin offset (%lld) is less than previous variable \"%s\" end offset (%lld)\n", varp->name, varp->begin, ncp->vars.value[prev]->name, prev_off);
            }
            DEBUG_ASSIGN_ERROR(status, NC_ENOTNC)
        }
        prev_off = varp->begin + varp->len;
        prev = i;
    }
#endif

    return status;
}

static int
val_get_NC(int fd, NC *ncp)
{
    int i, err, status=NC_NOERR;
    bufferinfo getbuf;
    char magic[5];
    size_t err_addr, pos_addr, base_addr;

    /* find Endianness of the running machine */
    getbuf.is_little_endian = check_little_endian();

    /* Initialize the get buffer that stores the header read from the file */
    getbuf.offset = 0;     /* read from start of the file */

    /* CDF-5's minimum header size is 4 bytes more than CDF-1 and CDF-2's */
    getbuf.size = NC_DEFAULT_CHUNKSIZE;
    getbuf.pos  = getbuf.base = (void *)malloc(getbuf.size);

    /* Fetch the next header chunk. The chunk is 'gbp->size' bytes big
     * netcdf_file = header data
     * header      = magic numrecs dim_list gatt_list var_list
    */
    status = val_fetch(fd, &getbuf);
    if (status != NC_NOERR) goto fn_exit;

    /* Check classic CDF file signature */
    magic[4] = '\0';
    memcpy(magic, getbuf.base, 4);
    getbuf.pos = (char*)getbuf.pos + 4;

    if (memcmp(magic, ncmagic, 3) != 0) {
        if (verbose) printf("Error: Unknow file signature\n");
        if (verbose) printf("\tExpecting \"CDF1\", \"CDF2\", or \"CDF5\", but got \"%4s\"\n",magic);
        status = NC_ENOTNC;
        goto fn_exit;
    }

    /* check version number in last byte of magic */
    if (magic[3] == 0x1) {
        getbuf.version = 1;
        ncp->format = 1;
    } else if (magic[3] == 0x2) {
        getbuf.version = 2;
        ncp->format = 2;
    } else if (magic[3] == 0x5) {
        getbuf.version = 5;
        ncp->format = 5;
    } else {
        if (verbose) printf("Error: Unknow file signature\n");
        if (verbose) printf("\tExpecting \"CDF1\", \"CDF2\", or \"CDF5\", but got \"%4s\"\n",magic);
        status = NC_ENOTNC;
        goto fn_exit;
    }
    if (trace) printf("magic = %d (file format: CDF-%d)\n", ncp->format,ncp->format);

    /* header = magic numrecs dim_list gatt_list var_list
     * Check numrecs
     */
    err_addr = 4;
    status = val_check_buffer(fd, &getbuf, (getbuf.version < 5) ? 4 : 8);
    if (status != NC_NOERR) {
        if (verbose) printf("Error @ [0x%8.8zx]:\n", err_addr);
        if (verbose) printf("\tFailed to read the number of records\n");
        status = NC_ENOTNC;
        goto fn_exit;
    }

    /* get numrecs from getbuf into ncp */
    if (getbuf.version < 5)
        ncp->numrecs = (long long) get_uint32(&getbuf);
    else
        ncp->numrecs = (long long) get_uint64(&getbuf);

    if (trace) printf("\nnumrecs = %lld (number of records)\n", ncp->numrecs);

    pos_addr  = (size_t) getbuf.pos;
    base_addr = (size_t) getbuf.base;
    assert(pos_addr < base_addr + getbuf.size);

    /* header = magic numrecs dim_list gatt_list var_list
     * dim_list = ABSENT | NC_DIMENSION  nelems  [dim ...]
     * Check dim_list
     */
    err = val_get_NC_dimarray(fd, &getbuf, &ncp->dims, ncp->numrecs);
    if (err != NC_NOERR && err != NC_ENULLPAD) {
        status = err;
        goto fn_exit;
    }
    if (status == NC_NOERR) status = err;

    /* header = magic numrecs dim_list gatt_list var_list
     * att_list = ABSENT | NC_ATTRIBUTE  nelems  [attr ...]
     * Check att_list
     */
    err = val_get_NC_attrarray(fd, &getbuf, &ncp->attrs, "Global");
    if (err != NC_NOERR && err != NC_ENULLPAD) {
        status = err;
        goto fn_exit;
    }
    if (status == NC_NOERR) status = err;

    /* header = magic numrecs dim_list gatt_list var_list
     * var_list    = ABSENT | NC_VARIABLE   nelems  [var ...]
     * Check var_list
     */
    err = val_get_NC_vararray(fd, &getbuf, &ncp->vars, ncp->dims.ndefined);
    if (err != NC_NOERR && err != NC_ENULLPAD) {
        status = err;
        goto fn_exit;
    }
    if (status == NC_NOERR) status = err;

    if (trace) printf("\n");

    /* get file header size */
    ncp->xsz = hdr_len_NC(ncp);

    /* Recompute the shapes of all variables */
    err = compute_var_shape(ncp);
    if (err != NC_NOERR) {
        status = err;
        goto fn_exit;
    }

    err = val_NC_check_vlens(ncp);
    if (err != NC_NOERR) {
        status = err;
        goto fn_exit;
    }

    /* update the total number of record variables --------------------------*/
    ncp->vars.num_rec_vars = 0;
    for (i=0; i<ncp->vars.ndefined; i++)
        ncp->vars.num_rec_vars += IS_RECVAR(ncp->vars.value[i]);

    err = val_NC_check_voff(ncp);
    if (err != NC_NOERR) {
        status = err;
        goto fn_exit;
    }

    /* check zero padding in the blank space betwee header size and extent */
    if (repair && ncp->begin_var - ncp->xsz > 0) {
        size_t i, gap = ncp->begin_var - ncp->xsz;
        ssize_t readLen;
        char *buf = (char*) malloc(gap);

        if (-1 == lseek(fd, ncp->xsz, SEEK_SET)) {
            if (verbose)
                printf("Error at line %d: lseek %s\n",__LINE__,strerror(errno));
            free(buf);
            goto fn_exit;
        }
        readLen = read(fd, buf, gap);
        if (readLen == -1) {
            if (verbose)
                printf("Error at line %d: read %s\n",__LINE__,strerror(errno));
            free(buf);
            status = -1;
            goto fn_exit;
        }
        for (i=0; i<readLen; i++)
            if (buf[i] != 0)
                break;
        if (readLen < gap || i < readLen) { /* zero out the blank space */
            memset(buf, 0, gap);
            if (lseek(fd, ncp->xsz, SEEK_SET) < 0) {
                free(buf);
                status = -1;
                goto fn_exit;
            }
            if (write(fd, buf, gap) < 0) {
                free(buf);
                status = -1;
                goto fn_exit;
            }
        }
        free(buf);
    }

fn_exit:
    free(getbuf.base);

    return status;
}

/* End Of get NC */

#ifndef BUILD_CDFDIFF

/* File system types recognized by ROMIO in MPICH 4.0.0 */
static const char* fstypes[] = {"ufs", "nfs", "xfs", "pvfs2", "gpfs", "panfs", "lustre", "daos", "testfs", "ime", "quobyte", NULL};

/* Return a pointer to filename by removing the file system type prefix name if
 * there is any.  For example, when filename = "lustre:/home/foo/testfile.nc",
 * remove "lustre:" to return a pointer to "/home/foo/testfile.nc", so the name
 * can be used in POSIX open() calls.
 */
static char*
remove_file_system_type_prefix(const char *filename)
{
    char *ret_filename = (char*)filename;

    if (filename == NULL) return NULL;

    if (strchr(filename, ':') != NULL) { /* there is a prefix end with ':' */
        /* check if prefix is one of recognized file system types */
        int i=0;
        while (fstypes[i] != NULL) {
            size_t prefix_len = strlen(fstypes[i]);
            if (!strncmp(filename, fstypes[i], prefix_len)) { /* found */
                ret_filename += prefix_len + 1;
                break;
            }
            i++;
        }
    }

    return ret_filename;
}

static int
check_signature(char *filename)
{
    const char *cdf_signature="CDF";
    const char *hdf5_signature="\211HDF\r\n\032\n";
    char signature[8];
    int fd, format = NC_FORMAT_UNKNOWN;
    off_t offset=0;
    ssize_t rlen;

    if ((fd = open(filename, O_RDONLY, 00400)) == -1) { /* open for read */
        fprintf(stderr,"Error at line %d on opening file %s (%s)\n",
                __LINE__,filename,strerror(errno));
        exit(1);
    }

    /* get first 8 bytes of file */
    rlen = read(fd, signature, 8);
    if (rlen == -1) {
        fprintf(stderr,"Error at line %d on reading file %s (%s)\n",
                __LINE__,filename,strerror(errno));
        exit(1);
    }
    if (rlen != 8) { /* file size less than 8 bytes */
        printf("Error at line %d: invalid file %s\n",__LINE__,filename);
        close(fd); /* ignore error */
        exit(1);
    }

    /* check NetCDF classic CDF signature */
    if (memcmp(signature, cdf_signature, 3) == 0) {
        if      (signature[3] == 5) format = NC_FORMAT_CDF5;
        else if (signature[3] == 2) format = NC_FORMAT_CDF2;
        else if (signature[3] == 1) format = NC_FORMAT_CLASSIC;

        if (format != NC_FORMAT_UNKNOWN) {
            close(fd); /* ignore error */
            return format;
        }
    }

    /* The HDF5 superblock is located by searching for the HDF5 format
     * signature at byte offset 0, byte offset 512, and at successive locations
     * in the file, each a multiple of two of the previous location; in other
     * words, at these byte offsets: 0, 512, 1024, 2048, and so on. The space
     * before the HDF5 superblock is referred as to "user block".
     */
    while (rlen == 8 && memcmp(signature, hdf5_signature, 8)) {
        offset = (offset == 0) ? 512 : offset * 2;
        lseek(fd, offset, SEEK_SET);
        rlen = read(fd, signature, 8);
    }
    close(fd); /* ignore error */

    if (rlen == 8) { /* HDF5 signature found */
        if (verbose) {
            printf("Error: Input file is in HDF format\n");
            printf("       'ncvalidator' only validates NetCDF classic files\n");
            printf("       Consider 'h5check', the HDF5 format checker\n");
        }
        return NC_FORMAT_NETCDF4;
    }

    return NC_FORMAT_UNKNOWN;
}

static void
usage(char *argv0)
{
    char *help =
    "Usage: %s [-h] | [-t] [-x] [-q] file\n"
    "       [-h] Print help\n"
    "       [-t] Turn on tracing mode, printing progress of validation\n"
    "       [-x] Repair in-place the null-byte padding in file header.\n"
    "       [-q] Quiet mode (exit 1 when fail, 0 success)\n"
    "       file: Input netCDF file name\n"
    "*PnetCDF library version PNETCDF_RELEASE_VERSION of PNETCDF_RELEASE_DATE\n";
    fprintf(stderr, help, argv0);
}

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    extern int optind;
    char filename[512], *path;
    int i, omode, fd, fmt=1, status=NC_NOERR;
    NC *ncp=NULL;
    struct stat ncfilestat;

    /* get command-line arguments */
    verbose = 1;
    trace = 0;
    repair  = 0;
    while ((i = getopt(argc, argv, "xthq")) != EOF)
        switch(i) {
            case 'x': repair = 1;
                      break;
            case 't': trace = 1;
                      break;
            case 'q': verbose = 0;
                      break;
            case 'h':
            default:  usage(argv[0]);
                      return 1;
        }

    if (argv[optind] == NULL) { /* input file name is mandatory */
        usage(argv[0]);
        return 1;
    }

    snprintf(filename, 512, "%s", argv[optind]);

    /* remove the file system type prefix name if there is any.
     * For example, when filename = "lustre:/home/foo/testfile.nc", remove
     * "lustre:" to make path = "/home/foo/testfile.nc" in open() below
     */
    path = remove_file_system_type_prefix(filename);

    /* check file signature */
    fmt = check_signature(path);
    if (fmt != NC_FORMAT_CDF5 && fmt != NC_FORMAT_CDF2 &&
        fmt != NC_FORMAT_CLASSIC) {
        if (fmt == NC_FORMAT_UNKNOWN && verbose)
            printf("File \"%s\" format is unknown\n",filename);
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }

    if (repair) omode = O_RDWR;
    else        omode = O_RDONLY;

    fd = open(path, omode);
    if (fd == -1) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Error on open file %s (%s)\n",
                filename,strerror(errno));
        return 1;
    }

    /* Allocate NC object */
    ncp = (NC*) calloc(1, sizeof(NC));
    if (ncp == NULL) {
        status = NC_ENOMEM;
        if (verbose) printf("Error at line %d when calling calloc()\n",__LINE__);
        goto prog_exit;
    }

    /* read and validate the header */
    status = val_get_NC(fd, ncp);
    if (status != NC_NOERR && status != NC_ENULLPAD && status != -1)
        goto prog_exit;

    /* class file format: CDF-1, 2 or 5 */
    fmt = ncp->format;

    /* check file size */
    if (-1 == fstat(fd, &ncfilestat)) {
        if (verbose) printf("Error at line %d fstat (%s)\n",__LINE__,strerror(errno));
        status = NC_EFILE;
        goto prog_exit;
    }
    if (ncp->numrecs > 0) {
        long long expect_fsize;
        expect_fsize = ncp->begin_rec + ncp->recsize * ncp->numrecs;
        if (expect_fsize < ncfilestat.st_size) {
            if (verbose) {
                printf("Warning: file size (%lld) is larger than expected (%lld)!\n",(long long)ncfilestat.st_size, expect_fsize);
                printf("\tbegin_rec=%lld recsize=%lld numrecs=%lld ncfilestat.st_size=%lld\n",ncp->begin_rec, ncp->recsize, ncp->numrecs, (long long) ncfilestat.st_size);
            }
        }
        else if (expect_fsize > ncfilestat.st_size) {
            /* if file header are valid and the only error is the file size
             * less than expected, then this is due to partial data written
             * to the variable while the file is in no fill mode */
            if (verbose) {
                printf("Warning:\n");
                printf("\tfile size (%lld) is less than expected (%lld)!\n",(long long)ncfilestat.st_size, expect_fsize);
            }
        }
    }
    else { /* either there is no record variable or no record is written */
        /* Assuming variables' begins do not follow their define order, find
         * max end offset among all fixed-size varaibles.
         */
        long long expect_fsize = MAX(ncp->begin_var, ncp->begin_rec);
        expect_fsize = MAX(expect_fsize, ncp->xsz);
        for (i=0; i<ncp->vars.ndefined; i++) {
            long long var_end;
            if (IS_RECVAR(ncp->vars.value[i])) continue;
            var_end = ncp->vars.value[i]->begin + ncp->vars.value[i]->len;
            expect_fsize = MAX(expect_fsize, var_end);
        }
        if (expect_fsize < ncfilestat.st_size) {
            if (verbose) {
                printf("Warning:\n");
                printf("\tfile size (%lld) is larger than expected (%lld)!\n",(long long)ncfilestat.st_size, expect_fsize);
            }
        }
        else if (expect_fsize > ncfilestat.st_size) {
            /* if file header are valid and the only error is the file size
             * less than expected, then this is due to partial data written
             * to the variable while the file is in no fill mode */
            if (verbose) printf("Warning:\n");
            if (verbose) printf("\tfile size (%lld) is less than expected (%lld)!\n",(long long)ncfilestat.st_size, expect_fsize);
        }
    }

prog_exit:
    if (ncp != NULL) {
        fmt = ncp->format;
        free_NC_dimarray(&ncp->dims);
        free_NC_attrarray(&ncp->attrs);
        free_NC_vararray(&ncp->vars);
        free(ncp);
    }
    close(fd);

    if (verbose) {
        if (status == NC_NOERR)
            printf("File \"%s\" is a valid NetCDF classic CDF-%d file.\n",filename, fmt);
        else {
            printf("File \"%s\" fails to conform with classic CDF-%d file format specifications\n",filename, fmt);
            if (repair) {
                printf("and it has been repaired in place to remove the errors.\n");
                printf("Please run \"%s %s\" to validate again.\n",argv[0],filename);
            }
        }
    }

    exit((status == NC_NOERR) ? EXIT_SUCCESS : EXIT_FAILURE);
}
#endif
